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A comprehensive semen analysis measures more than 15 parameters including sperm concentration (millions per mL), total sperm count per ejaculate, progressive motility (forward-swimming sperm), total motility, strict morphology by Kruger criteria, semen volume, pH, liquefaction time, and viscosity. Advanced panels also include sperm vitality, antisperm antibody testing, and DNA fragmentation index. All results are compared against WHO 2021 reference values from fertile men.

WHO 2021 guidelines recommend 2 to 5 days of sexual abstinence before sample collection. Abstinence shorter than 2 days may reduce sperm count and volume, while abstinence longer than 5 days may reduce motility and increase the proportion of non-progressive sperm. Consistency matters: aim for the same abstinence period if you are repeating the test for comparison purposes.

WHO 2021 established lower reference limits from fertile men who conceived within 12 months: sperm concentration above 16 million/mL, total motility above 42 percent, progressive motility above 30 percent, and morphology above 4 percent. Results below these values suggest reduced fertility potential but do not mean infertility is absolute. Many men with below-reference values achieve natural conception; conversely, normal values do not guarantee fertility as they reflect population-level thresholds rather than individual fertility guarantee.

Sperm concentration is the number of sperm cells per millilitre of semen, with the WHO 2021 lower limit at 16 million/mL. Total sperm count is concentration multiplied by semen volume, representing the total number of sperm per ejaculate, with the lower reference limit at 39 million. Total count is often more clinically meaningful because a man with lower volume but normal concentration may have an adequate total count for fertility purposes.

Yes. Standard semen analysis assesses quantity and basic movement of sperm but does not evaluate sperm DNA integrity, functional competence, or acrosome reaction capacity. Sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) is a more advanced test that measures DNA strand breaks within sperm, which can cause recurrent miscarriage, IVF failure, and reduced natural fertility even when standard parameters appear normal. We offer DFI testing for couples with unexplained infertility or repeated IVF failures.

Semen parameters show significant natural variation between ejaculates in the same individual. A single abnormal result should be confirmed with a repeat analysis after 4 to 6 weeks to account for the approximately 72-day sperm production cycle. If both analyses are abnormal, further investigation is warranted. If the first result is normal, a repeat is generally not necessary unless clinical suspicion remains.

Abnormal results guide a structured investigation pathway. Hormonal testing (FSH, LH, testosterone, prolactin) assesses testicular function and pituitary signalling. Testicular ultrasound identifies varicocele, obstruction, or structural abnormalities. Genetic testing (karyotype, Y chromosome microdeletion) is considered for severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia. Treatment options range from varicocele repair and hormonal therapy to assisted reproduction including intrauterine insemination (IUI), IVF, or ICSI depending on severity.

Azoospermia, the complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate, is found in approximately 1 percent of men and 10 to 15 percent of infertile men. It may be obstructive (sperm produced but blocked from reaching the ejaculate) or non-obstructive (impaired production). Obstructive azoospermia can often be treated surgically; non-obstructive azoospermia may respond to hormonal therapy in some cases, and sperm can sometimes be retrieved directly from the testis for ICSI. Our team can coordinate the full investigative and treatment pathway.