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Ultrasound imaging, also known as sonography, uses high-frequency sound waves (typically 2-18 MHz) to create real-time images of structures inside the body. A handheld transducer sends brief pulses of sound into the body, and when these waves encounter boundaries between tissues of different densities, some of the sound is reflected back to the transducer. A computer processes the timing and strength of these returning echoes to construct a detailed grayscale image. Because ultrasound uses mechanical sound waves rather than ionizing radiation, it is considered one of the safest imaging modalities available and can be repeated as often as clinically needed without cumulative risk.

The versatility of ultrasound makes it one of the most frequently used imaging tools in modern medicine. In obstetrics, it is essential for confirming pregnancy, dating gestational age, assessing fetal growth and anatomy, monitoring amniotic fluid levels, and evaluating placental position. Abdominal ultrasound evaluates solid organs including the liver for fatty liver disease and cirrhosis, the gallbladder for stones and inflammation, the kidneys for stones and obstruction, and the pancreas for masses or inflammation. Pelvic ultrasound is critical for evaluating ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids, endometrial abnormalities, and causes of abnormal bleeding.